How does the American college application process work?

I'm starting to think about applying to colleges and I'm a bit overwhelmed. Can anyone break down the general steps involved in the American college application process? Any tips on what I should focus on at this stage?

Sure, I can definitely provide a high-level overview of the college application process. Remember, every student's journey might look a bit different, and it's important to stay organized and start early. Here are the general steps you'll follow:

1. Research and build your college list. Start by considering what you want in a college – size, location, majors offered, campus culture, etc. Use these criteria to research and select a number of schools that interest you. Aim for a good mix of reach, match, and safety schools.

2. Standardized Tests. Determine what standardized tests the colleges on your list require. As of the 2025-2026 application cycle, some schools like Columbia University are test-optional, meaning you have the choice not to submit SAT or ACT scores. Others, like Harvard and Dartmouth, require all applicants to submit an SAT or ACT score. Begin studying for these tests well in advance.

3. Courses and extracurriculars. Use your senior year to continue challenging yourself academically, with a schedule full of rigorous courses. Keep participating in extracurricular activities, with an emphasis on quality over quantity. Colleges would rather see deep involvement in a few activities than shallow participation in many.

4. Common Application or Coalition Application. Many schools allow you to apply through the Common App or Coalition App, which means you'll fill out one application for multiple schools. Some schools may have their own application, so check each school's website to be sure.

5. Essays. Begin working on your personal statement and supplementary essays, if required. Common topics include a significant experience, achievement, or risk you have taken; a distinctive aspect of your background; or a person who has had a significant influence on you. Remember, unique and sincere essays often stand out to admissions officers.

6. Letters of Recommendation. Ask two or three teachers (usually from junior or senior year) to write letters of recommendation for you. Some colleges also accept or require a counselor recommendation. Provide your recommenders with a resume or list of your activities and accomplishments to help them write a detailed letter.

7. Financial Aid. Complete the FAFSA as soon as it becomes available. Some colleges may also require the CSS Profile for financial aid consideration. Both use the Student Aid Index (SAI) to determine eligibility for financial aid.

8. Submit Applications. Pay close attention to application deadlines, which vary by school. Some colleges offer Early Action (EA) or Early Decision (ED) options, which have earlier deadlines but can offer a slight admissions advantage.

9. Wait, and Then Decide. Once your applications are submitted, it's a waiting game until decision letters arrive. If accepted to more than one school, weigh your options, visit (if possible), and make your final decision.

As for what to focus on at this stage, prioritize your academic performance and extracurricular involvement. Start researching colleges and studying for standardized tests if they're part of your plan. A well-rounded student with clear passions definitely catches the eye of admissions committees. Remember, the process can be stressful, but it's also an exciting time in your life. Good luck!