Can the Supplemental contain a similar yet expanded response of part of the Common Essay?

This usually depends on whether both essays are going to the same school—if the school would be receiving both essays, then no, you shouldn't be using part of the Common App essay in the supplement (because then you're making the admissions officer read the same thing twice and not really using all the space they give you to say new things). But if the supplement is going to a school that won't receive your Common App, then it's fine to reuse parts of it in the supplement essay.